Electricity Essays - Deists, General Electric, Telegraphy

Electricity Essays - Deists, General Electric, Telegraphy Electricity Today's scientific question is: What in the world is electricity? And where does it go after it leaves the toaster? (Hughes) Here is a simple experiment that will teach you an important electrical lesson: On a cool, dry day, scuff your feet along a carpet, then reach your hand into a friend's mouth and touch one of his dental fillings. Did you notice how your friend twitched violently and cried out in pain? This teaches us that electricity can be a very powerful force, but we must never use it to hurt others unless we need to learn an important electrical lesson. (Ronald A. Anderson) It also teaches us how an electrical circuit works. When you scuffed your feet, you picked up batches of "electrons," which are very small objects that carpet manufacturers weave into carpet so that they will attract dirt. The electrons travel through your bloodstream and collect in your finger, where they form a spark that leaps to your friend's filling, then travel down to his feet and back into the carpet, thus completing the circuit. (Rejoice in the Lord) AMAZING ELECTRONIC FACT: If you scuffed your feet long enough without touching anything, you would build up so many electrons that your finger would explode! But this is nothing to worry about unless you have carpeting. (Aids Awareness) Although we modern persons tend to take our electric lights, radios, mixers, etc. for granted, hundreds of years ago people did not have any of these things, which is just as well because there was no place to plug them in. Then along came the first Electrical Pioneer, Benjamin Franklin, who flew a kite in a lightning storm and received a serious electrical shock. This proved that lightning was powered by the same force as carpets, but it also damaged Franklin's brain so severely that he started speaking only in incomprehensible maxims, such as, "A penny saved is a penny earned." Eventually he had to be given a job running the post office. After Franklin came a herd of Electrical Pioneers whose names have become part of our electrical terminology: Myron Volt, Mary Louise Amp, James Watt, Bob Transformer, etc. These pioneers conducted many important electrical experiments. Among them, Galvani discovered (this is the truth) that when he attached two different kinds of metal to the leg of a frog, an electrical current developed and the frog's leg kicked, even though it was no longer attached to the frog, which was dead anyway. Galvani's discovery led to enormous advances in the field of amphibian medicine. Today, skilled veterinary surgeons can take a frog that has been seriously injured or killed, implant pieces of metal in its muscles, and watch it hop back into the pond where it sinks like a stone. But the greatest Electrical Pioneer of them all was Thomas Edison, who was a brilliant inventor despite the fact that he had little formal education and lived in New Jersey. Edison's first major invention in 1877 was the phonograph, which could soon be found in thousands of American homes, where it basically sat until 1923, when the record was invented. But Edison's greatest achievement came in 1879 when he invented the electric company. Edison's design was a brilliant adaptation of the simple electrical circuit: the electric company sends electricity through a wire to a customer, then immediately gets the electricity back through another wire, then (this is the brilliant part) sends it right back to the customer again. This means that an electric company can sell a customer the same batch of electricity thousands of times a day and never get caught, since very few customers take the time to examine their electricity closely. In fact, the last year any new electricity was generated was 1937. Today, thanks to men like Edison and Franklin, and frogs like Galvani's, we receive almost unlimited benefits from electricity. For example, in the past decade scientists have developed the laser, an electronic appliance so powerful that it can vaporize a bulldozer 2000 yards away, yet so precise that doctors can use it to perform delicate operations to the human eyeball, provided they remember to change the power setting from "Bulldozer" to "Eyeball." From "Journal of Irreproducible Results"

Visas J-1 para prcticas profesionales en USA

Visas J-1 para prcticas profesionales en USA Si ests estudiando una carrera universitaria fuera de Estados Unidos o  finalizaste hace menos de un aà ±o puedes sacar una visa J-1 para prcticas profesionales.   Categorà ­as para las que es posible aplicar para una visa J-1 para prcticas profesionales No se puede realizar una pasantà ­a en cualquier tipo de especializacià ³n. Tus estudios tienen que estar comprendidos en uno de los siguientes campos: Administracià ³n Pà ºblicaAgricultura, Pesca y ForestalArquitecturaArte y CulturaBibliotecasCienciasCiencias SocialesComercioComunicaciones y PeriodismoConstruccià ³nDerechoEducacià ³nFinanzasIndustriaIngenierà ­aMatemticasNegocios Salud y todos los campos relacionados con la misma. En el caso de medicina se puede, adems, utilizar una visa de intercambio para hacer la especializacià ³n en USA.Servicios Sociales Encontrar patrocinador Antes de aplicar por la visa en un consulado americano, hay que encontrar un patrocinador. Es decir, una empresa en la que se van a realizar las prcticas. No todas las empresas estn autorizadas para patrocinar a extranjeros para realizar prcticas profesionales. Sino que sà ³lo unas pocas. Y estn incluidas expresamente en un listado que publica anualmente el Departamento de Estados (puedes ver el enlace en el à ºltimo prrafo de este artà ­culo). Vers que el listado incluye multitud de organizaciones. Tienes que ir analizando una por una cul patrocina especà ­ficamente pasantà ­as, ya que en la lista tambià ©n estn las que ofrecen otros patrocinios tambià ©n amparados por la visa J-1 pero que son vlidas para otros perfiles, como mà ©dicos, estudiantes en prcticas de verano o au-pairs. Lo ms prctico es que donde pone Program en letra negrita presiones la flecha y busques entre todo el menà º la opcià ³n intern.  Ã‚  Una vez que encuentres varias que se ajusten a lo que buscas, debes aplicar. Ellas decidirn si te patrocinan y si lo hacen te enviarn un documento DS-2019 e incluirn informacià ³n sobre ti en el sistema conocido como SEVIS. Solicitar la visa de intercambio J-1 Sà ³lo una vez que tienes en tus manos el DS-2019 puedes solicitar el visado en el consulado o embajada que te corresponda, segà ºn tu lugar de residencia. Esta es una visa no inmigrante. Tienes que tener claro que para que te la aprueben no basta con haber encontrado el patrocinador. Adems, el oficial consular que tramite tu caso tiene que quedar convencido de que no tienes intencià ³n de quedarte en Estados Unidos, de que tienes lazos econà ³micos y familiares fuertes en tu paà ­s de origen. Adems, como ocurre con el resto de los visados no inmigrante, no puede haber nada que te convierta en inelegible o inadmisible para ingresar a Estados Unidos. Como por ejemplo, haber cometido ciertos delitos, haber estado ilegalmente en el paà ­s con anterioridad o no tener recursos suficientes. A tener en cuenta Si has finalizado ya tus estudios universitarios no puede transcurrir ms de doce meses desde el momento en que los acabaste y el de comienzo el programa de prcticas profesionales. Una vez que se finaliza la visa, ests obligado a salir de Estados Unidos por un periodo de dos aà ±os en la mayorà ­a de los casos. Esto no quiere decir que no puedas visitar el paà ­s como turista, que sà ­ que puedes. Pero no puedes beneficiarte de visas de trabajo o de peticiones para la residencia permanente realizadas por un familiar. Es cierto que existen excepciones conocidas como waiver, pero son eso: excepciones. Obviamente, el nivel de inglà ©s es muy importante. Hablarlo y escribirlo fluidamente y poder demostrar los conocimientos con exmenes tipo TOEFL sin duda ayuda a conseguir las prcticas profesionales. Si el programa finaliza en el plazo previsto, tienes 30 dà ­as para salir de Estados Unidos.   Informacià ³n fundamental Enlace para encontrar un patrocinador de la visa J-1  para el programa de prcticas profesionales en la pgina oficial del Departamento de Estado. Pueden solicitarte una acreditacià ³n de tus creedenciales acadà ©micos que tiene que ser realizado por una institucià ³n aprobada por el patrocinador de la visa. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Business Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Decision Making - Essay Example Statistically speaking, there are two types of hypothesis namely, the null and the alternative hypotheses. During a statistical test, the null hypothesis is tested against the alternative hypothesis. It should be noted that "null" means nothing and that null hypothesis means that nothing is present (Hyperstat Online 2008). Statistical tests are conducted in order to test the viability of the null hypothesis. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis is an alternative hypothesis which can be assumed if the null hypothesis is rejected. In the case of snack foods, hypothesis testing can be used in order to make business decisions. For example, the company is deciding whether to launch a healthier brand of corn chips to target weight watchers. After an intensive and extensive data gathering, the company wants to test if the introduction will have an impact in their current market share of 35%. Thus, they will need to conduct either one or two tailed test. A one-tailed test looks for an increase or decrease in the parameter under consideration while a two-tailed test looks for any change in the parameter. We will illustrate this further by applying the five steps in hypothesis testing. The first step in hypothesis testing is stating the null hypothesis. For both one and two tailed test, the null hypothesis that the market share will remain 35% can be stated as Ho: x = 36%.

Building an Access Control System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Building an Access Control System - Essay Example In building the access control system, you must follow the four phases of developing the system. This is known as the systems development life cycle. The four phases are planning, analysis, design, and implementation). To help implement the system, the structure system design can be used in representation of the system concept in terms of processes and data representation. According to Techopedia (2012), the definition of structured System design is â€Å" a set of standards for systems analysis and application design. It uses a formal methodical approach to the analysis and design of information systems â€Å"This processes a roadmap for the development of functional specifications of the system. Structured System Design has different categories; these are â€Å"waterfall development and parallel development† In this particular case study, waterfall development can be used in implementing the control access system. The water model process involves System Conceptualization, System analysis, System design and Testing. Planning – this is also referred to as System Conceptualization Consideration of all aspects of the targeted business function / process with the goals of determining how each aspect relates with one another and which aspect will be incorporated in the system Referring from the structured diagram from United States Department of Transportation Transit Security Handbook (1998), the structural diagram below illustrates the equipment and connections required for access system control in the

Benefits of Electric Vehicles Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Electric Vehicles Essay 1: Problem Statement The market for plug in vehicles is growing more competitive since variety of manufacturers are increasingly offering plug in hybrid and battery electrical vehicle. However, the initially adopted two key drivers, lower operating cost and zero emission driving, are not proving to be as effective as expected. The market for Electrical Vehicle is still struggling to expand towards more mass-market. The purpose of this research is to acquire knowledge and get a better understanding of the cost- benefit of plug in electrical vehicles as well as its’ impact on environmental and financial policies. Questions!! What are the cost and benefits of Electric Vehicles? What is the environmental impact of electric vehicles? How can environmental and financial policies influence on consumer support? 2: Popular sources [IF USED—THESE DON’T COUNT TOWARD THE FIVE SOURCE REQUIREMENT] Write a brief summary of the key information found from your bridge sources and popular source phase of the research. Source cited Give the key points and issue that have broadened you understanding into the problem you are researching 1. Green vehicle. http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Electric_vehicle An electric vehicle is any motor vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors as a driving force. There are three main types of electric vehicle exist, those that are directly powered from an external power station, those that are powered by stored electricity originally from an external power source, and those that are powered by an on-board electrical generator, such as an internal combustion engine (a hybrid electric vehicle) or a hydrogen fuel cell. These vehicles are environment friendly as they release almost no air pollutants at the place where they are operated. They also have less noise pollution than an internal combustion engine vehicle. EV gives the greater degree of energy resilience as electricity is a form of energy that remains within the region where it produced. 2. Green Cars and Todays Economy. http://www. consumerenergyreport. com/green-cars-and-todays-economy/ According to this article, plug-in hybrid electrical help the economy and personal expenses can determine which green car to buy. The article specifies the pros and cons of having an electric vehicle. Among the advantages are low insurance cost, low gas cost, job creation and better air quality. The disadvantages include maintenance, initial cost and battery life. 3. Negative Environmental Impacts of Hybrid Vehicles. http://greenliving. lovetoknow. com/Hybrid_Vehicles_Negative_Environmental_Impact This article describes the negative environmental impact Hybrid vehicles. It defines different kinds of hybrids. It questions the source of electrical power for hybrids. According to the article hybrid cars are not emission free. The batteries contain nickel in them and are considered toxic. Two other negative aspects that are covered include the negative impact of high voltage wiring and the initial cost associated with the green Car. 3: Scholarly sources List of sources broken down by discipline: Source cited Research process Qualitative/quantitative Framing or norm/post/critical Key insights/theories/points How does this understanding conflict with any other insight/theory or concur 1. Ecology a) R. Socolow, V. Thomas (2000). The Industrial Ecology of lead and electrical vehicle. Journal of Industrial Ecology. Volume 1, issue 1, Pages 13-36, January 2000 b) Title, author? Journal of Environmental Planning Management; Jan 2009, Vol. 52 Issue 1, P79-96. According to this paper, a common risk analysis of electric vehicles is misguided, because it treats lead batteries and lead additives in gasoline on the same footing and implies that the lead battery should be abandoned. The authors stated that â€Å"The use of lead additives in gasoline is a dissipative use where emissions cannot be confined: The goal of management should be and has been to phase out this use. The use of lead in batteries is a recyclable use, because the lead remains confined during cycles of discharge and recharge. † Clean recycling of the lead batteries should be the goal.. A management system closely approaching clean recycling should be achievable. The lead battery has the potential to become a hazardous product managed in the world. The tools of industrial ecology are helpful in identifying the key criteria that an ideal lead-battery recycling system must meet maximal recovery of batteries after use, minimal export of used batteries to countries where environmental controls are weak, minimal impact on the health of communities near lead-processing facilities, and maximal worker protection from lead exposure in these facilities. This research paper explores quantitatively Californians interest in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) based on a statewide phone survey conducted in July 2004 by the Public Policy Institute of California. The paper develops factors that summarize beliefs about energy and the environment using principal component analysis. This study result concludes that the Californians concerned about the environment, energy efficiency, global warming and recent increases in the price of gasoline state a higher interest in hybrids. Another important reason for considering hybrid electric vehicles, however, is the possibility of using high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes while driving alone, especially for people with potentially long commutes to work. The findings also suggest that beliefs about energy and the environment should be included in vehicle type choice models. First article is emphasizing on the negative impact that electric vehicle has on the environment whereas the latter one highlights on the eco-friendliness and the popularity of the EVs. Source cited Research process Qualitative/quantitative Framing or norm/post/critical Key insights/theories/points How does this understanding conflict with any other insight/theory or concur 2. Technology. c) Systems for hybrid cars. Otmar Bitsche et. al. Journal of power sources 127 (2004) 8-15. d) The state of the art of electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. C. C. Chan. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol 95, No 4, April 2007. The Otmar article gives us a detailed understanding of what plug-in hybrid electrical are and how their drive trains offer a wide range of benefits such as multifaceted performance improvements, reduced emissions and reduced fuel consumption compared to the internal combustion engine. It demonstrates how important the battery is in different hybrid cars for the right specific automotive application. It describes the cost and safety aspects in terms of battery type and performance of such vehicles. Competition alongside with legislation is pushing hybrid technology towards the future. The paper describes different types of hybrid vehicles and their advantages. It should therefore be considered to have a positive perspective to the reader. However one weakness to the article is that is is relatively technical and may not be appeasing to the general reader in order to understand hybrid cars in a nutshell. Also, the kind of hybrid that would be considered the best in terms of performance is not mentioned. The most significant aspect of the article is it describes all the different modes of hybrid operation and how regenerative braking affects the performance of the battery hence the author develops an important concept. The author approaches the subject matter through a unique method in which he describes stop-start hybrids followed by mild hybrids and full hybrids before focusing on purely electrical cars. The author argues while safety comes first, it is the cost that determines the most important factor to buying a hybrid. In contrast, the Chan paper describes the different state of the art hybrid vehicles in particular. These include Toyota Prius, Honda Civic, Ford Escape, Saturn vue, ISE transient buses and Honda FCX. Chan describes a detailed history of Evs, HEVs and FCVs which the Otmar paper tends to lack. The article describes the differences among Electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles and points out the advantages and disadvantages of each. The paper describes how a better understanding of control theory is essential for the future development of these vehicles. This article is useful in order to choose the right green car for ones individual needs. It describes the hybrid system car by car and is therefore very useful for understanding what is available in the auto market and what to expect from each individual model. The paper is more geared towards the general reader and offers a positive perspective. The most significant aspect of the article is that it is focused on individual car model. It is also in agreement with other sources on hybrid vehicles. The author makes a informative comparison in the form of a table where he compare and contrasts battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles in terms of propulsion, energy system, energy source and infrastructure, characteristics and major issues. These factors may arise to a debate on which type of green car is superior in overall performance. Source cited Research process Qualitative/quantitative Framing or norm/post/critical Key insights/theories/points. How does this understanding conflict with any other insight/theory or concur Economics. e) Fredrik Carlsson (2003) Costs and Benefits of electric Vehicles. A 2010 perspective. . Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, volume 37, part 1, January 2003, pp. 1-28. f) Consumer support for environmental policies: An application to purchases of plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle. Alex Coad et. al. Ecological Economics 68 (2009), 2078-2086. The Fredrick paper describes a social cost-benefit analysis with respect to the increase in electric vehicle number within the Swedish transport sector by the year 2010. According to the paper electric cars are socially unprofitable in spite of having a lower life cycle cost compared to their gasoline counterparts. This is due to government subsidies on electric cars which outweigh the benefits related to low fuel consumption. Despite the environmental advantages, electric vehicles are not very common and different means of financially supporting them is often subject to debate. The paper uses a cost benefit model to determine consumer welfare or utility and can be looked upon as having a normative perspective. The weakness of the paper is that it assumes too many assumptions which is not always realistic. It is a technical paper and therefore the mathematical section is not suitable for the general public. The most significant aspect of this research is to answer the question as to whether governments should subsidize electric vehicles and the conclusion is negative. In his conclusion the author states that due to too many uncertainties the case for public subsidies becomes uncertain. In contrast, the Alex paper describes how consumer motivation can be used to encourage the adoption of cleaner technologies. According to the author intrinsic motivation such as energy labels for cars and extrinsic motivation such as subsidies or fines can be used to encourage the adoption of cleaner technologies. The paper analyzes a survey data set of Swiss households. The results of this survey are of particular interest to policy makers who are keen on guiding consumers towards cleaner technology. This paper gives us a better understanding of intrinsic motivation which is the kind of motivation that comes from within ourselves and not from an outside source that rewards money or grades. Extrinsic motivation is guided by some type of external subject or reward. The paper analyzes to what extent consumers are willing to support public policies in order to promote energy efficient cars. The nature of the article is of normative perspective. The weakness of the article is that the survey was conducted on 1500 Swiss households. Nothing about the age or nature of these households are mentioned in the serve. The most significant aspect of the paper is that it gives one a better understanding of different motivation to get a job done. Although both these papers discuss about the economic perspective of plug-in hybrid electrical, they do so in very different way. While the former article is a cost benefit description of electric vehicles by utilizing an economic model, the latter can be considered as an article that describes the motivation that drives consumer support towards the purchase of a green car. 4: Disciplinary Overlapping: In all sources except for the Cost and benefits article it is mentioned that plug-in hybrid electrical are more cost effective than their gasoline counterpart. However, Fredrik Carlsson in his article mentions that electrical vehicles are socially unprofitable in spite of having a lower private life cycle cost and external cost compared to petrol cars. All six articles do however agree that plug-in hybrid electrical are more fuel efficient and environmentally friendlier than gasoline cars. give us a better understanding on what plug-in hybrid electrical are like and how they have evolved with time. mentions the different systems in hybrid vehicles while describes specific models helping us to choose which green car to buy. The cost benefits of buying a green car is discussed in, however, the source is based on many assumptions and the paper itself is very technical. focuses on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation that leads to support of environmental policies. The articles in general give us a better understanding of the problem statement. However one aspect that was overlooked by all the sources involves the environmental effect of different kind of battery systems, their waste and disposal. Category /Element Criteria Range: (Na)(No)(A)(M) Purposefulness (20) identifies a clear research problem and explains it; Readings chosen are relevant to the problem as defined (10-12),(13-15), (16-18),(19-20) 15 Grounding (40) identifies and adequately summarizes the constituent elements of each source: insights, theories or concepts, methodologies, sources of evidence; connects each source to a part of the problem that it helps illuminate (10-12),(13-15), (16-18),(19-20) 0 The selection of sources gives appropriate â€Å"coverage† of the problem (10-12),(13-15), (16-18),(19-20) 17 Critical Awareness (20). Student recognizes and explains how the different elements of each source affect the findings—methods, theories, concepts, assumptions; Student identifies meaningful conflicts or commonalities among different sources (10-12),(13-15), (16-18),(19-20) 17 Integration (20) Student makes intelligent comparisons between insights, theories, methods or data across disciplinary lines to support an improved understanding or cognitive advancement; explains how different ideas could be applied to an improved understanding (10-12),(13-15), (16-18),(19-20) 16 Total: 65.

How Children of Single Parent Families are Affected Essay -- The Effect

The Effects of a Single Parent Home on a Child's Behavior The Family structure has changed significantly in the last fifty years. With higher percentages of marriage ending in divorce, and higher rates of childbearing out of wedlock, single parent families are increasing rapidly. â€Å"Seventy percent of all the children will spend all or part of their lives in a single-parent household.† (Dowd) Studies have shown that the children of these families are affected dramatically, both negatively and positively. Women head the majority of single- parent families and as a result, children experience many social problems from growing up without a father. Some of these problems include lack of financial support, and various emotional problems by not having a father around, which may contribute to problems later in life. At the same time, children of single-parent homes become more independent because they learn to take care of themselves, and rely on others to do things for them. It is never a child’s decision to only live with one parent. There are many ways that single-parent homes occur. Some of these ways include unplanned pregnancy, divorce, the decision to be a single parent by choice, and death of a spouse. In every case families are disputed greatly. Parents might experience depression, emotional problems etc†¦. but the child is affected the most. Single-parent families are commonly targeted for controversial issues. We must be careful that we don’t stereotype these when they’re very hard to take care of themselves and their children. We do however need to notice distinct patterns in children who give up in a single parent home and what problems they face. Even though a dual family is noted as the best environment for c... ... social issue is being addressed, we are finding more ways of how to deal with the problems that single-parent families face. The parents might go through a lot providing for their children, but we cannot forget the efforts of the children that are making it without two parents and becoming strong, independent, self-sufficient individuals. Work Cited 1. Blankenhorn, David. Fatherless America. New York: A Davidon Of Harper Collins Publisher, 1995 2. Dowd, Nancy. In Defense Of Single Parent Families. New York: New York University, 1997 3. Single Parents’ Kids Do as well in School As Those in Two-Parent Homes: Infotrac.. October 25, 1999.Online. . 4. Swisher, Karin L. Single-Parent Families. Ca : GreenhavenPress Inc, 1997 Wurzel, Barbara J. Growing up in Single Parent Families. Columbus: November1, 2000. Infotrac. Online. .

Kuleshov Effect Essay

Montage is one of the three important steps in cinematographic creation, with pre-production and shooting. Technically, it is the action of cutting, pasting and putting together shots. It helps creating rhythm, meaning and order to the story. Montage is an art form : with the same shots, you can express thousands of different feelings and visions according to the montage used. Kuleshov, a Russian filmmaker in the 1920’s, is the first one to write about this theory, now known as the ‘Kuleshov Effect’. This theory is used everywhere now (advertisement, news paper†¦). The Kuleshov Effect theory is that every shot depends on the context, of what happened before and what will happen after. Kuleshov discovered that the viewer creates his own interpretation of what he sees on the screen. For example, with the shot of a man with no expression on his face, he can create the impression of hunger when putting a shot with food right after, or of sadness with a shot of a dead person, or of kindness with the shot of a little girl playing. This theory can be summarized with the formula A + B = C ; ‘A’ being the first shot, ‘B’ the second one, and ‘C’ the meaning the viewer’s mind creates by putting those two shots together. So the Kuleshov Effect is very powerful. When we had to work on a project using the Kuleshov Effect, with my teammates, Giovanna and Christian, we first decided to create a funny story. So we decided to do a funny final twist for our first work. The first shot, the ‘A’, was a boy running in the hallway, as if he was in a hurry to go to some very important place. The second shot was him looking desperately to something, and then the camera moved to the student store’s sign saying : ‘Closed’. So the emotion the viewer has when he sees the whole video is disappointment, because he was waiting for something very important to happen. But if we had used the same first shot with another ‘B’ shot, for example a policeman running, or someone dying in a hospital bed, the emotion would not have been the same. For our second work, we chose to do something more typical, like what Kuleshov did for his own experiment. So we shot the face of a boy, with no expression, for the ‘A’ shot. Then we shot three different situations : a vending machine (B1), a Tic tac toe (B2), and a girl walking in the hallway (B3). The idea was to show that with the same ‘A’ shot, put with different ‘B’ shots, a different emotion could be created ; A+B1 shows hunger, A+B2 shows focusing, and A+B3 shows attraction. To have the best shots as possible, we learned how to white balance a camera, which was not very easy since we had to do it manually ! When we started shooting, we had a very good time looking for how we should put the camera to have the greatest shot as possible ; it was very fun because we felt like real filmmakers. For example for our shot of the boy running in the hallway, we first wanted to use a pan and follow the boy running, but then we realized that the result was not as powerful as we would expect it to be, so we chose to use a steady shot instead, with an eye-level angle and a long shot to see the whole movement. Then another interesting shot in my opinion was the one of the ‘CLOSED’ placard ; we decided to use a tilt movement of the camera down to up, which was a smart choice I think because it seemed that the boy who was squat on the floor after running was looking up to the sign. For the second part of the work, we only used steady shots because we thought it would be more powerful for the experiment of the Kuleshov Effect. The face of the boy with no expression is a Close Up and Eye Level shot, because we learned that a close up was the best way to show the expressions of someone, and the goal of this shot was for the viewer to create his own emotion for that particular shot. But shooting is not the easiest thing of the world, most of the time we had to do the shots twice because the angle was not good, or the camera not white balanced enough. For the montage with FinalCutProX, we discovered that we could cut some of the shot we had, to reduce their length. That was a very effective feature for us because some of our shots tended to be too long for their purpose, for example to create suspense. Another really important feature of the software, of course, is that it allows you to place your shots as you want, and not especially in the order you shot them, which was great because sometimes we did not film our shots in the order we wanted them to appear in the final video. So montage is really a key step in the process of filmmaking.

Psychological and Psychoanalytical Essay

Psychology is the study of mental utilities and behaviours, in this field one is entitled to study the way in which people think, their personality, emotions and how they relate with each other while at various places such as at the workplaces. None the less, it also encompasses the way in which tend to perform their activities that they have been assigned to do. Through this knowledge of psychology, researchers have been able to come up with the psychoanalysis which tends to be able to learn the individual psychological operation and behaviour (Huczynski, & Buchanan, 2007, pp 303). In doing this, they have come up with three applications that have enabled them to achieve it. These includes; the technique used in the examination of the mind, the systematized group of theories concerning individual behaviour and the technique of treatment of emotional sickness. The paper will assess the ways in which the psychoanalytic concepts can influence the behaviours in a given organisation. In order to achieve this goal, the paper will tend to base its assessment on the theories that are in use to day and how the affect the behaviours of the employees at the workplaces. 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW As viewed before in the introduction, the psychology of oneself have a great influence on the way in which one can perform in an organisation and relate to the rest of the people. In regard to this, the paper will have the psychoanalytical perspectives on the effects that one psychology can affect the organization. To ensure that these are attained at the end of the paper, it will be spilt into different sections that each will deal with the theories that exists in today world concerning the psychology of people and how each of the theories tend to affect the organisation both positively and negatively, this will help us understand the core psychoanalytic concepts that exists in organisations. In doing these, the paper will have looked at the psychological and psychoanalytical perspectives on organisations helping us to understand the behaviour of people in organisations. 2. 1 PSYCHOANALYTIC CONCEPTS These are the major concerns of an individual in relation to the way in which they relate to each other at the workplace in various organisations. In dealing with this, the paper will concentrate more on the ways in which the theories has had influence in the people’s performances and relations in organisation. Therefore, the paper will focus on the major concepts and how they are connected to the behaviour at organisations. 2. 1. 1 UNCONSCIOUS CONCEPT This is the central concept that deals with the thinking ability of an individual when he or she is not aware about it. In many cases, it takes place in dreams. As per the theories about the psychology this is well explained in the topographic theory, in which deals with the way in which one can be able to interpret the dream that he or she had while asleep. In organisations, this has had in most cases, positive effect. This is because, while at rest, one can be able to think on the ways in which they can be able to improve the performance of the organisation, and with proper interpretation and implementation of the dream into practice, the organisation ends up getting the best result in the long run. None the less, this concept depends mostly on what the individual goes through at the moment. When it comes at the time at which the individual is under difficulties, it can lead to improper interpretation the dream. This is because, dreams are never new ideas of the mind but the reviews of what have been happening in ones life and how the mind perceives the idea to be. So in time of hardship one can be tempted to dream about the impossibilities of the organisations program in progress. In another perspective, the concept has been viewed in relation to the structural theory that exists in organisations. In structural theory, the mind has been divided into three section, these are the id, the personality and the superego. With these the drive that drives one to dream depends largely on the id and personality of an individual. In the organisations, there are people who have been known to dictate on the ways in which the organisation has to be run. This has been as regard to the superego that the other people have given the individual. In some of the organisations, this has led to poor decision making as no other person is allowed to intervene in the time of decision making for the organisation. The concept has also been seen to be the drive of the people to do some of the actions at organisations. The drive to the action can be conscious or unconscious, and because of this, one may find one performing something out of his knowledge that he is really doing the wrong or the right thing at the organisation (Luborsky, & Barrett, 2005). In the organisation, it has been a challenge to the employers or the supervisors to maintain the memory of the employees at the workplace. It has been to this concept too that some of the employees do wrong things but are not guilty about the incidents, it is because the action may have taken place when the employee was out of his mind and thus can not be able to really visualise that he or she has done some thing wrong at the organisation. In organisations, the concept occurs easily among the newly recruited employees of who have not been familiarised with the ways in which the organisation operations are done. In this, they tend to do them basing on the knowledge that they have basing on their educational background. In the process, one may perform a mistake in which they he or she may not be aware about and thus refraining him from apologising to the supervisor. 2. 1. 2 RESISTANCE CONCEPT This is the process in which the unconscious essentials are effectively kept away from the conscious awareness using an active oppressive force. This is when the organisation tries to eliminate the unknown mistakes preformed by their employee from the organisation. To achieve this, most of organisations organises fro the training and learning for their employees. This provides the employees with the ideas that they need to have while performing any task at the organisation. This psychoanalytic concept also enables the employees at the organisation to be able to be familiarised with the procedures that are required at the organisation for any action to be undertaken. With this, it gives the people at the organisation the actual picture of the organisation enabling them to know all that are required from them to attain the goal of the organisation. As much as the concept gives the organisation employee the knowledge to perform their task well, it also has some of the weakness in it. With the knowledge about the organisation system, the employees under the same rank can decide to unite and rebel to the managing group of the organisation concerning the way they are being treated at the organisation. It has been to this concept that most of the workers tend to rebel to the managers or unite with the managers of the organisation. None the less, the concept also has some of the advantages or rather strengths to organisations if well looked upon. In time when the employees do not perform to their best, it may be due to the treatments that they are getting from the organisation leaders and thus, the organisation has to try their best to ensure that the employees are motivated to perform to their level best. Motivation at work has been proven to influence the behavioural aspects of the employees at any work place. In the organisation that have good motivation systems, tend to incite the employees to work even more to achieved their personal goal and in the long run the organisation goal. This has been seen to encourage the workers more and more. Once there is the introduction of motivation to the well performed employee in the organisation all the employees strives had to attain their goal at given time, they tend to reduce the level of time wasting at the organisation and concentrate to their work more at the organisation. This improves the productivity of the organisation as a whole. 2. 1. 3 TRANSFERENCE CONCEPT This concept deals with the way in which one relates to the other individuals at the organisation in regard to the way he or she has been relating to other people outside the organisation (Gabriel, Hirschhorn, & Allcorn, 1996, pp 247). In any of the organisation, there exists diversity of people in which people from different cultures meet for the purpose of fulfilling the objective of the organisation. As we know, different cultures tend to have different ways in which they perform their duties and the way they relate to one another in the society. Thus, while at the organisation, these individuals have to brought up together to enable them fulfil the organisation objective. In doing this, the way in which one relates to the other person not only depends upon the culture from which he or she is from but also from the mentality of an individual. It is of this reason that the object relations theory in relation to the psychoanalysis exists in the organisation. The theory tends to expound on the ways in which the internal representations of self and that of other people can affect the relationship among people at the organisation. This deals mostly with the personality of an individual of which tend to affect the way in which one relates with others at the organisation (Arnold, Silvester, Cooper, & Robertson, 2005). For instance an individual who have been brought up in harsh condition through out her life time will by no reason appreciate the tenderness of other people at the organisation. It is with this effect that we find some of the difficult people to handle at the organisation. It is not by their wish to be that way but the way they have been used to back from their childhood and now difficult to change. To add on that, there is the self psychology theory and the ego psychology theory which tend to concentrate on the way in which an individual perceived other people to be at the organisation, the way they rate their friends and the way in which they relate with them in totality (Miner, 2005, pp 76). Over the years, it has been seen in organisations that the leaders or the managers at the organisation tend to undermine the employees, in respect to their rank at the organisation. In organisations that there exists wide difference between the mangers and the employees, there tend to develop the aspect of hatred and disrespect to one another; this is because the highly ranked people tend to undermine the lower one and thus initiating them to disrespect them. But in the case where there is a narrow difference between them, the people at the organisation tend to respect each other and can share with anybody freely. This results in high productivity of the organisation as the workers can share what they are going through while at work, the difficulties that they are facing together with the strengths that they think the organisation have to put in place for their production improvements. It also explains the present’s condition that one is in and how it can affect the relationship between people at the organisation. In most of the cases, when one is stressed by whatever stressor whether at the job place or home, the effect tend to affect the relationship with other people (Doyle, 2003) . It has been noted that, a stressed individual prefer to be isolated for the rest of the employees and relates harshly with the rest. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it has come out clearly that the way in which relates at the organisation affects greatly the performance of the organisation and all these depends with the psychology of an individual both from childhood to the present time. Thus the organisation has to ensure that the mental condition of all its workers is at per or attended to in all ways that they can such as providing them with proper conditions at work and good payment to avoid stress at work, to relate with the workers in a friendly way and the keep motivating the workers who have performed well. REFERENCE 1. Gabriel, Y. , Hirschhorn, L. & Allcorn, S. (1996) Organizations in Depth the Psychoanalysis of Organizations pp 245-265 London Sage Publications 2. Arnold, J. , Silvester, J. , Cooper, C. L. & Robertson, I. T. (2005) Work Psychology Understanding Human Behavior in the Workplace 4th Ed Prentice Hall/Financial Times 3. Doyle, C. E. (2003) Work and Organizational Psychology an Introduction with Attitude Psychology Press Sussex 4. Miner, J. B. (2005)Organizational Behavior I Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership pp 76 M. E. Sharpe Publishers 5. Vibert, C. (2004)Theories of Macro-organizational Behavior A Handbook of Ideas and Explanations pp 10 M. E. Sharpe Publishers 6. Huczynski, A. & Buchanan, D. A. (2007) Organizational Behavior An Introductory Text pp 303 6th Ed Pearson Education Publishers 7. Luborsky, L. & Barrett, M. S. (2005) The History and Empirical Status of Key Psychoanalytic Concepts Retrieved 17th February 2009 from http://arjournals. annualreviews. org/doi/abs/10. 1146/annurev. clinpsy. 2. 022305. 095328? cookieSet=1&journalCode=clinpsy 8. Wiley (2000) Journal of Organizational Behavior Retrieved 17th February 2009 from http://eu. wiley. com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-JOB. html 9. Bouditch, J. L. & Buono, A. E. (2005) A Primer in Organizational Behaviour 6th Ed New York Wiley 10. Haslam, S. A. (2004) Psychology in Organizations The Social Identity Approach 2nd Ed

Record Label and Napster S Strategy Essay Example

Record Label and Napster S Strategy Essay Example Record Label and Napster S Strategy Essay Record Label and Napster S Strategy Essay Napster, developed in 1999 by Shawn Fanning, is a program that allows music to be traded over the internet. People were able to share high quality digital copies of music recordings over the internet using Napster. Napster did not store the recordings, however. It allowed its members who were logged onto the service to choose from an index of songs. Napster was one of the most popular sites on the internet. The site had some 15 million users in a year’s time. Many college students downloaded so many songs that many colleges had to block the site from their system. A year after its launch, Napster was sued by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The RIAA represents major recording companies. The RIAA claimed that copyright laws were violated by Napster for allowing users to swap music recordings for free. The RIAA sought to stop the downloading of copyrighted songs, as well as damages for lost revenue. Song swapping had cost the music industry more than $300 million in lost sales. A few months later, Napster was sued by a heavy metal band, Metallica, and rap star Dr. Dre. They were suing Napster for copyright infringement. In 2000, a judge granted the request of the RIAA and ordered Napster to stop making copyrighted recordings available for download. This would have shut Napster down. Napster was granted a last-minute reprieve until the lawsuits could be tried in court. Despite its many claims, Napster was found guilty of direct infringement of the RIAA’s musical recordings. The company was ordered to stop allowing its millions of users to download and share copyrighted material without properly compensating the owners of the material (Ferrell Hartline, 2008). Napster later offered $1 billion to the recording industry to settle the lawsuit. Napster also agreed that $150 million would be paid annually for the first five years to Sony, Warner, BMG, EMI, and Universal, and $50 million annually was allotted for independent labels. The recording industry refused the offer. The industry wanted Napster to shut down for good. Napster tried many times to compromise with the recording industry, but to no avail. Napster filed for Chapter 11 reorganization in 2002. The company also tried to reach a deal with Bertelsmann AG, their strategic partner. A few months later, a Delaware judge blocked the sale of the company to Bertelsmann. Napster then laid off nearly its entire staff and proceeded to convert its Chapter 11 into a Chapter 7 liquidation. Many music labels were dabbling in online music distribution. Napster had clearly beaten them to it and had done so efficiently, which was the main problem for the company. It was obvious to the record labels that online distribution was here to stay. Napster’s name and assets were purchased by a company called Roxio. Roxio was a company known for its CD-burning software. Roxio had intentions to relaunch Napster as a fee-based service. Napster was renamed Napster 2. in 2003. Apple was one competitor for Napster, holding 70 to 80 percent of the online music market. Rhapsody holds 10 to 15 percent of the market, and Napster holds 5 to 10 percent of the market. The remaining portion is divided among several different companies (Ferrell Hartline, 2008). Napster’s strategy focuses on being a subscription-based revenue model. Computer users could download as mu ch music as they wanted for a fee of $14. 95 per month. Napster created partnerships with BellSouth, Ericsson, and XM Satellite Radio as a means to connect with untapped markets. Napster partnered with Tower Records Japan and launched Napster Japan in 2006. The company also began a partnership with Japan’s largest mobile phone company. About 90 percent of music downloads in Japan occur through wireless phones (Ferrell Hartline, 2008). Napster has shown interest in being acquired by another firm. Napster hired UBS Investment Bank to help with the sale. A SWOT analysis structures the assessment of the fit between what a firm can and cannot do (strengths and weakness), and the environmental conditions working for and against the firm (opportunities and threats). The SWOT analysis for Napster would consist of the following (Ferrell Hartline, 2008): Strengths Large music library Convenient and easy to use Strong brand name and reputation Weaknesses Lack of compatibility Pricing Limited areas of differentiation Opportunities New technologies Decline in illegal file sharing Rapidly growing market Threats Powerful competition New technologies Potential for disintermediation Looking back at the weaknesses listed in the SWOT analysis, one point that should be worked out is the pricing of Napster services. Napster is set up on a subscription-based model. If the price per subscription was cheaper, more customers would subscribe to the site. Napster offers the same basic services as some of the other big names in the online music distribution industry. Another area to refine would be the lack of compatibility. Napster is not compatible with all MP3 players, especially the iPod. Those with an incompatible player will not want to purchase the service. New technology is emerging every day. Napster should work on creating avenues that will allow music to be downloaded to wireless devices, such as the smart phone, PDAs and other handheld devices. Napster should put forth efforts to keep existing customers happy while also trying to expand the customer market. Keeping existing customers happy should always be a company’s top priority. Having a solid core of customers to build on is very important to the stability and success of the company (Business KnowledgeSource. com, 2010). By keeping the existing companies happy, Napster could offer a free one month subscription for those members who have been loyal to company for a certain amount of time. Flyers or inserts could also be placed in the packaging of MP3 players. This advertisement would entice users to connect with Napster for all of their music downloads. With this deal, new users could download up to five songs for free before having to sign up for a subscription. Napster could offer discounts to new users for a certain period of time. For instance, a new user could get the first three months at a discounted rate before paying the regular price. There are many ways for Napster to expand their customer base. Finding out which plans work and which plans do not work is the key.

Excavating the Empty Tomb Essay

Excavating the Empty Tomb Essay Excavating the Empty Tomb Essay Essay on Excavating the empty Tomb: The author of the movie â€Å"general assertion is that the authenticity of the new gospel† is not genuine. The author believes that the books of the new gospel Mark, Matthew, Luke and John are all fabricated as illustrated by (Top Documentaries, online). The author sees these new gospel books as fictional books that were drawn up by authors who were interested in coming up with formidable stories that they wanted the public to read and be fascinated about. The assertions that are illustrated by the author seem to be true. This is because all the assertions that the author are supported with facts. What the author asserts are really interesting and fascinating. This is because first of the statement made about the gospel of Mark. All the old versions of the gospel of Mark did not contain the verses starting with chapter nine. These verses had initially been omitted but eventually were found inserted in the versions that were written later. This is very controversial since the verses that were later inserted seemed to solely support the verdict that Jesus had risen as of the deceased. Although this seems circumstantial with the fact that the general writing flow of these chapters stress on the fact the Jesus arose from the dead along with that he is the only one to be worshipped. The author has very strong arguments against the resurrection of Christ which are strongly supported by the basic facts that he makes through the documentary as explained by (Build Forum, online). Since the books of the gospel were also written anonymously as nobody really knows who their authors are and this is a proven fact. If no one really knows the authors of these books, then their credibility is seriously questioned. The trends that are evident in the documentary are the omission of the last chapters in the gospel of Mark. We note that the earlier versions of Mark’s gospel did not contain the chapters 9 through to 16. To me, this seems an omission and an inclusion in the new version makes the documents questionable. This makes me doubt the whole authenticity of the bible. If these chapters were initially not present, then just along the writing of the new version, some of the bits included make it unbelievable. The whole editing of the gospels to include the new chapters in the later stages make it seem shrouded with mystery. This is really disturbing to note that the earlier version might have been the correct one. The apparent lack of authors of the gospel of the New Testament further put the writings of the bible in complete mystery. What if the bible stories were written as fiction stories just like the odyssey stories? This could help in illustrating how the fictional nature of the bo ok of Mark is. The author of Mark is mysterious and we are shrouded in mystery. How can a book that is written by a mysterious author be credible? The new knowledge that I have acquired from the documentary is the writing history of the New Testament gospels. The detailed history on how all the books of gospel were written has given me a new insight about the build in the writing of books in the bible. The illustration on how the book of Mark was first written is really of interest. The interesting bit of the new versions of the gospel of Mark is on it insisting on the resurrection of Christ. Since the other gospels Mathew, Luke and John were written after the book of Mark, they contain the same message but curiously insist on the last chapters of the book of Mark as noted by (Mindscape, online). The insight of this knowledge was the curiosity in the writing of the books on how the authors were able to read the thoughts of Jesus. Reading someone’s thoughts is something that is impossible and no man can accomplish it unless through miracles. The later books also seem to give more detailed explanations that the original bo ok which is unusual as some of the books described were not present in the book of Mark. The part of the documentary which I disagree with is the parallelism of relation of the events between the odyssey stories and the description of the book of Mark. I think this was a coincidence and the need of the author to find out something that he could compare with his story so as to support the facts. There is no relation whatsoever about the story of a living man and the life history of Christ as noted by (Andrea, online). Since the odyssey story was fictional story, one cannot just pinpoint that the gospel of Mark was also fictional. We normally have fictional stories which are derived or similar to the actual stories. The insistence of Christ that no one tells other his people of who he is was a way to fulfill his will. Without hiding his identity, the purpose which he had been sent to earth to fulfill could not be accomplished. This is in total contrast with what the author wants us to really believe. The story of Jesus Christ on earth cannot be compared with fictional stor ies. Things that Jesus Christ performed were miracles and can never be explained through science history of mathematics.

Memristor Hardware Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Memristor Hardware Analysis - Research Paper Example Chua demonstrated a number of principles to expose that there was a ‘missing’ two-terminal circuit element from the family of â€Å"fundamental† passive devices such as resistor, capacitor and inductor. He named it as â€Å"Memristor† because it is a resistor with memory. He said that memristor exists in order to relate the flux in a circuit to the charge but during that time people couldn’t figure out what physics could give rise between flux and charge. People tried to find the causality of the two to find out their relationship. In the mathematical proof of Chua it just shows flux and charge are equal which means that any physical interaction that makes the mathematical equation true gives rise to memristor. He mathematically proved that memristors had features that are not able to generate by any mixture of the other three elements. A common analogy for a resistor is a pipe that carries water. The water itself is analogous to electrical charge, the pressure at the input of the pipe is similar to voltage, and the rate of flow of the water through the pipe is like electrical current. Just as with an electrical resistor, the flow of water through the pipe is faster if the pipe is shorter and/or it has a larger diameter. An analogy for a memristor is an interesting kind of pipe that expands or shrinks when water flows through it.   If water flows through the pipe in one direction, the diameter of the pipe increases, thus enabling the water to flow faster. If water flows through the pipe in the opposite direction, the diameter of the pipe decreases, thus slowing down the flow of water. If the water pressure is turned off, the pipe will retain it most recent diameter until the water is turned back on. Thus, the pipe does not store water like a bucket (or a capacitor) – it remembers how much water flowed thro ugh it (â€Å"HP Memristor FaQ†). The characteristic of memristor is